Light microscopy processing apparatus

ABSTRACT

A tissue processor provides a closed system for sequentially immersing light microscopy tissue specimens in treating fluids preparatory to embedding or in staining fluids. Treating or staining fluids, including paraffin, are drawn into the processing chamber by use of vacuum and are forced back to their respective containers by use of pressure and the specimens remain substantially stationary throughout the fluid treatment.

United States Patent [1 1 Kinney et a1.

[ LIGHT MICROSCOPY PROCESSING APPARATUS [76} Inventors: Thomas D. Kinney, 3120 Devon Rd., Durham, NC. 27707; John E. P. Pickett, 3323 Pinafore Dr,, Durham, NC. 27705 [22] Filed: Apr. 22, 1974 [21] Appl. No.: 463,055

{52] US. Cl. 118/7; 118/11; 118/50; I 18/429; 118/500 [51] Int. Cl. BOSC 3/109 [58] Field of Search 118/7, 10, 11, 50, 429, 1 18/500 [56] References Cited UNITED STATES PATENTS Weiskopf 1 18/429 [4 1 July 1,1975

3,338,207 8/1967 Kling 118/50 3,526,203 9/1970 Kinney et 211.... 118/7 3,576,176 4/1971 Pickett [18/500 3,771,490 12/1973 Kinney et a1 118/7 Primary ExaminerLouis K. Rimrodt Assistant Examiner-Douglas Salser [57] ABSTRACT A tissue processor provides a closed system for sequentially immersing light microscopy tissue specimens in treating fluids preparatory to embedding or in staining fluids. Treating or staining fluids, including paraffin, are drawn into the processing chamber by use of vacuum and are forced back to their respective containers by use of pressure and the specimens remain substantially stationary throughout the fluid treatment.

14 Claims, 9 Drawing Figures RE. comnou RESET AGITATOR TIMER STEP Tl MERS 1 fiizwobz SELEC"ORS STEP DURATION ssLscr F'UME MANIFOLD CLEANING SOLUTIONS EXHAUST FAN MODE 111/ SELECTOR M A A SHEET alsl4lelslvlaq 1z J .1 FIXATION SOLUTION ZATFNTEH JUL 1 TO PUMP TO HEATERS (PRIOR ART) FIG.

FIG. 4

FIG. 7

11 FIG. 8 F16. 9

110 102 n/109 DIGITALTIMER ON/OFF /MAN. 0 1 Q a H I 131 RESET aw x M 1i k H7 LEVEL HOLD in M "1 i: M 1 l W j OPOSITIONO I 9 i WE OHhAh R LTsO i FARAFFINI PARAFFINH M m I g MR 1 120 FIG. 3 fi ffi fi 100 i :5 55 u I u 5 0 O O 1 ER 12 2 VAC. 17

LIGHT MICROSCOPY PROCESSING APPARATUS BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION l. Field of the Invention This invention relates to tissue processing and more specifically to processing of tissue for light microscopy examination.

2. Description of the Prior Art The processing of tissue for both electron and light microscopy examination has been the subject of stepby-step improvement. Automatic processing of tissue for electron microscopy tissue processing has been achieved as exemplified in applicants US. Pat. Nos. 3,526,203 and 3,771,490.

Automated apparatus for processing tissue for light microscopy examination has been achieved as exemplitied in the so-called Technicon tissue processor; however, there has been no successful completely automatic system which would allow light microscopy tissues to be processed under a completely automatic sequence and in an entirely closed system and without requiring substantial movement of the specimens. The availability ofa closed system is of critical importance in view of recently published Federal regulations governing handling of hazardous vapors and fumes.

Representative prior art includes U.S. Pat. Nos.

3,227.130; 2,959,ll; 2,386,079; 2,34I,l98; 2.157.875; 2,959,l5l; 3,400,726; 2,681,298; and 2,684,925.

A review of the prior art further reveals that treating fluids in light microscopy processors are normally required to be recirculated. The processing fluids may be manually returned to their respective containers after use. Processing takes place in open or loosely covered chambers which are not suitable for holding pressure or vacuum conditions. Many of the prior art light microscopy processors. e.g., the so-called Technicon tissue processor. also depend upon substantial movement and dipping motions of the tissue specimens into open containers. Any motion of the specimens during processing. of course. tends to damage the specimens if carried to excess.

The prior art has also dealt with the problem of heating paraffin fluids in containers, flow lines, valves, and the like. However, no prior art light microscopy processor. so far as is known, has handled this problem successfully in a closed, effectively sealed system, or with means enabling the paraffin fluid to be reused. A fluid flow stainer useful only for staining has been marketed by Lipshaw Manufacturing Company of Detroit, Mich. This apparatus recirculates staining fluids with a pressure-vacuum system applied to the staining fluid containers but it is not useful for processing tissue, does not provide a pressure vessel type chamber, and cannot handle paraffin.

In summary. the prior art in its present state does not embody a practical. reliable and automatic type of processor useful primarily for processing, including use of melted paraffin. but adapted to staining light microscopy tissue specimens with a minimum amount of handling of the tissue specimens. with maximum economy of the treating fluids, and in a closed system which substantially eliminates dangers from hazardous treating fluid fumes.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The apparatus of the invention provides a plurality of containers of treating fluids, including paraffin, which are drawn to a sealed processing chamber by vacuum and returned by pressure which is applied to the chamber. The tissue specimens are confined in the processing chamber under sealed cover and remain stationary during processing. Fixation, processing, and clearing solutions are directed to the processing chamber in a programmed sequence. The paraffin containers are arranged in immediate proximity to the processing chamber which substantially reduces the heating problem and the paraffin in the second, less contaminated, paraffin container can, at any time, be pumped to the first container, the first container paraffin pumped to waste and the second container paraffin replaced in order to minimize paraffin consumption. The apparatus is unitied in a table mounted cabinet DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. I is a perspective view of the invention processing apparatus embodied in a cabinet for table top support.

FIG. 2 is a somewhat schematic diagram of the invention showing particularly a preferred fluid flow configuration based on use of vacuum and pressure applied to a sealed processing chamber.

FIG. 3 is a partial side view showing the processing chamber coupled to one of the processing solution containers through a rotary valve mechanism by appropriate fluid lines in accordance with the invention, other containers being similarly coupled.

FIG. 4 is a side view to illustrate the shape of processing solution container found useful for the substantially sealed, fumeless operation of the invention.

FIG. 5 is a perspective view of a tissue processing and embedding receptacle used in the present invention.

FIG. 6 is a side cross-sectional view of the invention processing chamber showing a processing receptacle basket in partial cutaway view revealing installed tissue processing receptacles.

FIG. 7 is a rear cutaway view of the invention processing chamber and liquid paraffin containers.

FIG. 8 is a front view of the left side control panel used in the invention.

FIG. 9 is a front view of the right side invention control panel.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT In reference to the drawings, a suitable perforated tissue receptacle 25 for holding the tissue specimens to be processed is generally shown in FIG. 5 and is known in the art as a TIMS tissue receptacle. For a more detailed description of TIMS tissue receptacles used in paraffin embedding histological tissue sections, reference is made to U.S. Pat. No. 3,41 l,l issued on Nov. 19, 1968, and entitled Composite Histologic Tissue Receptacle. A typical receptacle has a removable cover and may contain one or more tissue samples in the receptacle body cavity to be fixed, dehydrated, cleared, and paraffin embedded prior to being thin sectioned on a rotary microtome. Fluids pass through perforations in the receptacle which is made of materials inert to the fluids.

As previously mentioned, the light microscopy tissue processor of the invention is directed to a closed system which allows a plurality of perforated tissue receptacles 25 to be processed simultaneously in a sealed chamber according to a scheduled time sequence, through various selected processing solutions among which are fixa tives. dehydrants, clearing solutions and liquid paraffin. The particular solutions used and the particular time sequence for each may vary according to different programs. Also, staining solutions may be programmed for exchange between the chamber and the containers when holding staining fluids.

Referring now to FIG. 1, an automatic light microscopy tissue processor according to a preferred embodiment includes a cabinet adapted for table top support; a pair of laterally spaced, upper rearward control compartments II, 16; a lower, centrally and forwardly located tissue processing chamber 12; a pair of lower, laterally and forwardly spaced heated liquid paraffin containers 13, I4; a plurality of solution containers 15 in an upper central rearwardly compartment for bolding the selectively communicated fluids for processing chamber 12; timing controls 17; and appropriate container signal lights 18.

Processing chamber 12 remains stationary and includes a tiltable lid 21 having a window 22. Lid 2] has a hinge 26 and is secured to processing chamber 12 in a substantially air tight, sealed relation by appropriate latches 2S and a rim 27 and gaskets 29 (indicated in FIG. 6). Processing chamber 12 is adapted to recieve a plurality of tissue processing receptacles 25, best shown in FIG. 5, and more fully described in the mentioned U.S. Pat. No. 3,41 l,l85. As best illustrated in FIG. 6, a basket structure 30 having perforated sidewalls 32 receives said receptacles and supports a plurality of such tissue receptacles 25 within processing chamber 12. Also shown in FIG. 6, is an appropriate pressure and vacuum inlet coupling 34 as well as fluid line coupling 35 which communicate with the interior of said processing chamber 12. A suitable rectangular perforate plate 24 provides weight sufficient to overcome the buoyancy of the tissue receptacles 25 and keeps them submerged during processing.

Referring now to FIG. 2, solution containers 15 are connected to processing chamber 12 by individual conduits 38 which communicate with a rotary valve structure 39 and then through a common conduit 33 to electrically operated valve 42 and from there directly into processing chamber 12. When solutions are returned to their containers, they simply retrace the supply route in reverse. Rotary valves as such are known and while a single rotary valve as illustrated has many advantages, a solenoid valve at each container could be employed to achieve selection and controlled fluid flow in conjunction with the unique paraffin related apparatus later described.

Water base solutions, such as Zenkers, formalin and water, are effectively kept separated from oil base solutions such as Xylene, the combination of which causes formation of an emulsion. Typically then, for the ten numbered solutions shown, the invention contemplates that solution one will be fixative, e.g., Zenkers or formalin', solutions two through six will comprise various percentages of alcohol for dehydrating; and solutions seven and eight are Xylene for clearing. Further solutions such as Xylene and alcohol will be contained in containers nine and ten for purposes of cleaning processing chamber 12 following a completed processing sequence and withdrawal of processed tissue specimens from chamber 12.

The following table shows a series of processing and cleaning solutions which might typically be used according to the invention:

manually done. if desired.

Referring now to FIG. 3, a typical processing solution container 15 of a commercially available shape as in FIG. 4, conduit 38, rotary valve 39 made up of rotatable plate 41 and fixed plate 43, common conduit 33, valve 42 and processing chamber 12 are shown in operative assembly. A suitable swivel connection 40 allows the movable rotary valve plate 41 of rotary valve 39 to rotate. While FIG. 3 only illustrates the fluid path for only one solution container 15, it should be clear from FIG. 2 that there are in fact ten solution containers, all of which feed into rotary valve 39 and then into common conduit 33. Container 15 of FIG. 3 is shown having a fitting 54 which will facilitate rapid changing of solution containers. A tube 58 communicates with the bottom of container 15 to drain the entire contents, if desired, during processing.

As previously mentioned, the invention processor is adapted to be operated so that all solution admission, solution retention and solution drainage takes place in automatic or alternately, manual timed sequence and in a substantially closed system. Selective application of air pressure and partial vacuum to the sealed processing chamber 12 in conjunction with operation of valve 42, etc., enables rapid transfer of processing solutions from containers 15 to chamber 12 and back to containers 15 again.

With specific reference again to FIG. 2 a combined vacuum and pressure system 60 is shown in dashed lines and comprises a pressure pump 61 having means for providing pressure as well as partial vacuum as indicated and remotely operable valve means 64, 65, for selecting whether vacuum or pressure is applied to an air line communicating with processing chamber 12.

Referring again to FIG. 3, solution admission and drainage from chamber 12 and fluid measurement is controlled by selective application of pressure and partial vacuum to the chamber 12 via the air line 70 in conjunction with timed operation of the remotely operable rotary valve 39 and remotely operable valve 42. Air line 70 preferably connects to the interior of chamber 12 at a relatively high location near the cover as illustrated which avoids entry of the solutions into chamber 12. By creating a timed partial vacuum in chamber 12, a selected fluid is drawn into the chamber, and by pressurizing chamber 12 the fluid is expelled from the chamber. Reference will next be made to FIG. 2 for a discussion of one pressure, vacuum and rotary valve arrangement useful in the invention, and then to FIGS. 2 and 7 for a description of liquid paraffin flow to and from chamber 12 according to the invention. Since rotary valves are known, no detailed description of valve 39 is deemed necessary.

Referring again to FIG. 2, in a pump in" cycle fluid flow to processing chamber 12 from any given solution container or paraffin containers 13 or 14 is effected by creating a timed. partial vaccum in the sealed processing chamber 12. In the diagram shown, this is accomplished by actuating valve 64 to enable air to flow between F and B. by energizing pump 6], and by actuating valve 65 to enable air to flow between D and E on a timed schedule. Simultaneous with the application of a partial vacuum to chamber 12, rotary valve 39 rotates to provide a path through valve 39 for the desired solution to flow through valve 39, into conduit 33, through valve 42 and on into processing chamber 12. As an example, to move a measured quantity of solution number one to chamber 12, rotary valve 39 is energized and plate 4] is rotated until the line 38 from container number one lines up with the conduit 33 opening and valve 42 is opened on a timed schedule. Air drawn from chamber 12 during such vacuum cycle is expelled to atmosphere by means of a filtered exhaust 69 which is located so as to have its fumes withdrawn as illustrated in FIG. 2. Alternatively, in a "pump out cycle to effect fluid flow back to a selected solution container 15, chamber 12 is pressurized above atmosphere by actuating valve 64 to permit air to flow between A and B, and by actuating valve 65 to permit air to flow between D and F7 Air is taken into pump 61 by means of an intake opening at A. Suitably, valve 42 and rotary valve 39 assume the same open position as on the vacuum or pump in cycle to enable fluid to flow back into the appropriate container 15. The fluid and air line valves normally remain closed while a pump in or pump out cycle is not in progress with the exception of the air line valves used during vacuum and pressurized agitation later described. Valve 42 is located immediately adjacent the rear wall and is closely coupled to chamber 12 and is positioned proximate the bottom wall of chamber 12. This position facilitates entry and drainage of fluids. Also. by keeping valve 42 closed during use of paraffin, there is a minimum opportunity for the paraffin to block valve 42.

Referring again to FIG. 3, the previously referred to solution containers 15 (with operating numbers 1 through 10) have respective caps 55 for refilling the containers. Suitable air vents 56, indicated by dashed lines, are provided in each cap 55, but are preferably kept extremely small so as to limit any admission of moisture. Caps 55 may also be provided with dessicant material 57 to keep certain solutions e.g., absolute alcohol substantially free from moisture. As illustrated in FIGS. 1 and 2, fluid vapors vented to atmosphere during normal operation of processor 10 are collected by a fume manifold 74 serving as a top portion of housing II and are exhausted by an appropriate fan 74a. A suitable trap line 70 filters fumes, et cetera.

Referring next to FIG. 7, liquid paraffin is stored in two heated and temperature controlled, laterally spaced containers l3 and I4 residing immediately adjacent and on either side of processing chamber 12. Transport of liquid paraffin from either container 13 or 14 to chamber 12 is preferably accomplished by use of valves 75, 75' which are illustrated in submersed positions immediately adjacent and near the bottom wall of chamber 12. Respective conduit means 62, 63 communicate valves 75, with chamber 12 as shown. This arrangement enables the heating elements 77, 77a (shown schematically in FIG. 2) which are integral with paraffin container l3, 14 respectively to maintain the correct temperature in the liquid paraffin as well as in the respective valves 75, 75' and the conduits 62, 63. Thermostats 76, 76a and thermal fuses 76b, 76c main tain the desired temperature and prevent overheating. Valves 75, 75' may also be located externally of the respective paraffin containers but should have close, i.e., minimal distance couplings both to the paraffin containers l3, l4 and to chamber 12 and should be near their bottom walls.

It should be noted that the provision for two separate paraffin stages as embodied by the invention enables substantially complete paraffin impregnation of tissue specimens prior to paraffin embedding. While one paraffin stage could be used, use of two paraffin stages is generally consistent with current tissue processing technique, although variation on the exact number of paraffin steps may occur between different histological technicians. Paraffin containers [3 and 14 may be formed substantially integral with processing chamber 12 separated only by common partitions 66. A lid 23 on each paraffin container 13 and 14 is hinged and may be periodically opened to replenish the supply of paraffin, while respective manual drain means 81 may be used to drain the used, impure paraffin. Paraffin containers l3 and 14 are not required to be pressure sealed but should preferably be closed to atmosphere contamination.

As will be described later, control means are provided in the invention enabling transport of a body of liquid paraffin from one paraffin container to the opposite enabling impure paraffin used, say. in the next sequential step following the last step of Xylene (solution 8 of FIG. 2) to be periodically drained and replaced with less impure paraffin previously used in the final processing step. This enables a substantially pure body of paraffin to be maintained for the last processing step, but makes use, through an automatic paraffin exchange" step, of slightly impure paraffin for the next to the last processing step. Such exchange of paraffin is contemplated every sixth processing sequence.

Prior to discussing the programming sequence reference is again made to schematic diagram of FIG. 2 wherein note should be taken of the use of a dual heating element to heat processing chamber 12. A first heating element 84, located in the sidewall of processing chamber 12 (see FIG. 6), is adapted to gradually provide heat to said chamber 12 from the first processing step until the first paraffin step (after sequential solution 8 of FIG. 2) and is set by thermostat 85 and by thermal fuse 86 to approach but not to exceed 42C. Slight heating of chamber 12 throughout the early tissue processing sequence, e.g., fixative, dehydrating, and clearing steps enables better solution penetration into the tissue and also provides a pre-heated container prior to entry of melted paraffin. Temperature must be restricted during the steps of such volatile solutions as alcohol and Xylene. Once the first paraffin step is reached, however, second heating element 89, located in the base of processing chamber 12 (see FIG. 6) is adapted to be energized raising the temperature within chamber 12 to 62C. It should be noted that the lag time for this necessary temperature rise need only be very short, e.g., 15 seconds, since chamber 12 approxi- 7 mates 62C immediately prior to the first paraffin step. Thermal fuse 82 and thermostat 83 prevent overheating of chamber 12 during paraffin steps. While heaters 84 and 89 are shown in a preferred location, alternate locations might be chosen to achieve the desired result of even temperature throughout processing chamber 12. As seen in FIGS. 3 and 6, a third heating element 91 is located adjacent the rear wall of chamber 12. Element 91 effectively maintains a suitable operating temperature on valve 42 and minimizes clogging by any paraffin which happens to enter the valve port adjacent chamber 12. Thermal fuse 92 and thermostat 93 prevent overheating of chamber 12. The overall heating is also designed to maintain all paraffin carrying pipes at an above melting temperature.

As heretofore described, vacuum and pressure conditions are selectively applied to the sealed processing chamber 12 and are effectively used to transport the various processing and cleaning solutions of the invention tissue processor to and from the processing chamber. An advantageous feature of the invention arrangement resides in its capacity to use remotely and electrically operated valves, heaters and the electrically operated air pump 61. Another advantage is the capacity to apply such vacuum or alternating vacuum and pressure to said processing chamber while a selected solution is in said chamber, to enhance solution penetration into the tissue being processed. In addition, vacuum or alternating vacuum and pressure applied to solutions in chamber 12 may result in improved penetration of tissue in the receptacles installed in the chamber due to trapped air bubbles being freed.

Referring again to FIG. 2, vacuum or alternating vacuum and pressure applied to chamber 12 during processing of given solutions (including paraffin) hereinafter referred to as an agitation cycle is preferably conducted at periodic intervals, e.g., every 10 minutes while each of selected processing solutions is in chamber 12. The term agitation is used in a loose sense to mean increasing tissue penetration by vacuum or pressure, releasing air bubbles, and the like. It has previously been mentioned that air valves 64 and 65 and fluid valves 42 and 39 remain closed while a given solution is not being pumped to or from chamber 12. To create a partial vacuum in chamber 12 for purposes of agitation valves 64 and 65 are set to the previously de scribed vacuum cycle positions, and pump 61 is energized for a predetermined period of time set by an agitator timer 104 (not shown on control panel). A vacuum of 22 p.p.s.i. may be exerted, for example. The invention also contemplates the use ofa partial vacuum periodically during given solution steps and a pressure during other solution steps. Pressure may be applied by moving valves 64 and 65 to the respective pressure cycle positions and energizing the electrically operated air pump 61. It is apparent that suitable programming of alternating pressure and vacuum agitation cycles or simply of intermittent vacuum cycles may be readily accomplished by stepping switches or logic circuitry well known to those skilled in the art.

The program logic and stepping control 100 employed by the present invention may comprise a suitable rotary stepping switch having a clock drive, or preferably solid state logic circuitry. In any case, the logic or stepping mechanism involved is deemed well within the related art so as to not require detailed elaboration herein. The general type of circuitry required has been illustrated in FIG. 2 and is of the type generally described, for example, in prior U.S. Pat. No. 3,771,490. In order to illustrate typical operations of the described processing apparatus, however, the description will now briefly describe a series of controls and their preferred functions used by the invention.

Referring now to FIGS. 2, 8 and 9, an on-off switch 102 controls power to the processor program and step ping control 100. The power is preferably continuously supplied to paraffin bath heating elements 77 and 77a via thermostats 76, 76a and thermal fuses 76b, 760 to maintain the paraffin contained in baths 13, 14 above melting point even while processor 10 is idle. Thus, the paraffin temperature is preferably unaffected by operation of on-off switch 102. Switch 102 preferably contains a suitable indicator lamp 107 to indicate to the operator that the processor is energized. Selective manual or automatic operation is provided by a mode selector switch 111. For manual operation switch 109 is employed and for automatic operation switch 110 is employed. Manual control of sequential, i.e., step-by-step, processing steps is provided by push button switch 112 and which causes illumination of solution signal lights 18 (see also FIG. 1). Manual solution pumping in or pumping out cycles are controlled by switches 114 and 115, respectively, which govern vacuum and pressure cycles of the vacuum pressure system 60. The signal lights 18 are preferably arranged to illuminate to half intensity indicating which step the processor has reached, and to full intensity whenever the respective solution is being pumped to or from chamber 12. A level control switch 117 provides a choice between high, medium, and low solution levels in chamber 12 by controlling the length of time which pump 61 operates during a given solution pump-in or pump-out. Thus, processor 10 is adapted to handle either relatively large or small quantities of processing receptacles.

For determining the length of time the tissue samples are exposed to each processing solution, a pair of manually set timers 120, 121, including hour and minute settings, are provided. Step duration selector switches (see FIGS. 1 and 2) are located above each processing solution container. Similar step duration selector switches 125' on left control panel 11 provide a similar function for the parafiin containers 13, 14. Switches 125, 125' enable selection between times 120, 121 or alternately to zero time which causes the particular step to be skipped or to unlimited time which causes the particular solution to be pumped in during automatic sequence but not pumped out. A time display informs the operator of elapsed time for each solution and automatically resets when the next solution is admitted to chamber 12. A manual time display reset 131 is provided. A hold button 137 on control panel 16 is provided and suitably connected to temporarily interrupt the timing sequence in case of emergency, et cetera.

Under an automatic mode of operation of the processor, solution pump-in, pump-out and stepping to the next solution step takes place in the appropriate preselected time sequence, throughout the designated processing solution numbers 1 through 10 and including the two paraffin steps hereinbefore described. The last paraffin step is preferably adapted to stay in chamber 12 until the operator removes the processed tissue, reseals chamber 12 and manually begins a clean out cycle by operating mode selector switch 111. Pump-out switch 115 is depressed until all ofthe paraffin in chamber 12 is pumped back into paraffin bath number 2. The clean out operation is started by depressing manual step button 112 which effectively moves the system up to the next solution. Pump-in button 114 is depressed and held until a desired amount of solution number 9, e.g., Xylene. is pumped into chamber 12. Chamber ]2 is manually cleaned with Xylene solution and the excess solution is vacuum removed in the clean out operation. Next, step button 112 is depressed which moves the system up to solution number l0, e.g., absolute alcohol. Button 114 is depressed and begins pumping solution into chamber 12. Button H4 is held until a desired level of solution 10 is pumped into chamber 12 and is then released stopping the pumping. Chamber 12 is further cleaned manually. Once chamber 12 is cleaned, mode selector 111 can now be set to automatic and chamber 12 refilled with TlMS receptacles for processing another batch of tissue specimens placed therein.

lt is desirable to be able to remove the paraffin in paraffin chamber 13 since it becomes contaminated after it is used several times. Once removed, the less used paraffin in container 14 can be pumped to chamber 13 by using vacuum to draw the paraffin into chamber 12 and then pressure to force it into container 13. The paraffin in chamber I3 is drained out with the aid of manual drain 81 of chamber 13 and parafiin chamber 14 after being emptied is then charged with new paraffin.

In most processing applications, it is desirable to hold the tissue in the receptacles in the No. 1 solution (e.g., Zenkers or formalin) for several hours prior to initiating an automatic timed solution processing sequence. For such purpose, a long delay timer 134 may be employed so that the first solution may be admitted manually and the remainder of the particular program on an automatic basis after some predetermined time delay, such as in the order of 4 hours for short term runs or in the order of 72 hours for weekend runs. Suitably, an additional switch applies the delay timer 134 to that solution step.

While a wide choice of materials are available with which to construct the various components of the apparatus of the invention it will, of course, be apparent that some of the solutions, particularly Xylene, are of a toxic and corrosive nature with respect to certain materials. The choice of material employed in constructing the processing chamber, solution containers, conduits, valves, and the like, should keep these factors in mind.

While the invention has been described primarily in terms of a light microscopy tissue processing application, it will be apparent that de-energization of the heating paraffin steps, elimination of the cleaing steps, and addition of a slide rack to the processing chamber, will render the processor highly suitable for use as an automatic mounted slide staining apparatus.

In summarizing the advantages of the present invention tissue processing apparatus, it will be noted that a substantially closed fumeless and simplified system has been provided for fixing, dehydrating, clearing, and paraffin infusing light microscopy sized tissue in a relatively large quantity. Those skilled in the art will particularly recognize the advantages of maintaining tissue in a stationary, sealed chamber during processing. In addition, the selective application of partial vacuum and pressure to the processing chamber has the two-fold effect of providing a mechanism for fluid transfer as well as a means for enhancing fluid penetration into the tissue.

The mounting of the air pump 61 and its associated piping and valves in the cabinet provides a unitary and self-contained processing apparatus with obvious advantages. However, it is recognized that the source of vacuum and pressure conditions could be obtained by use of separate external laboratory vacuum and pressure supplies fitted with electrical valves and leading direct to processing chamber 12. Also the controls could be mounted in a separate cabinet. However, this also would tend to detract from the many advantages of unifying all the necessary processing and control apparatus in a common table top mounted cabinet. Close valve coupling between the processing chamber and the one or more heated paraffin containers is most desireable to provide heated paths of minimal length to minimize the amount of heat required to keep the paraffin in those fluid paths which necessarily carry the paraffin back and forth to the processing chamber. The paraffin containers should preferably be immediately adjacent the processing chamber and all fluid connections for the paraffin should be of minimal length for the reasons stated. Some separation can be tolerated however, provided any interconnecting paraffin carrying pipes are sufficiently heated and such heat is insulated as required to prevent heating those solutions which should preferably not be heated.

What is claimed is:

1. A closed processing system enabling a plurality of individual specimens of tissue to be separately contained while being bathed simultaneously for varying lengths of time in successive selected tissue solutions including melted paraffin so as to fix, dehydrate and clear the specimens preparatory to embedding, comprising:

a. a plurality of uniform tissue receptacles each being adapted to contain and physically isolate a group of tissue specimens having at least one specimen per group, each receptacle having a body portion defining an open cavity adapted to receive and retain specimens and closure means removably received by said body to enclose said cavity, the material forming said receptacles being inert to all of said solutions and having for each of said solutions at least some portion through which each of said solutions may be transferred;

b. a cabinet;

c. an electrically heated, temperature controlled container mounted in said cabinet and having a movable cover and being adapted for melting and holding melted paraffin;

d. a plurality of closed solution containers mounted in predetermined order in a storage compartment in said cabinet proximate said paraffin container, each solution container containing a particular tissue processing solution and with said melted paraffin container collectively containing all of the said tissue solutions in which said specimens are processed;

e. air pump means having associated remotely electrically controllable first valve means mounted proximate said cabinet and associated interconnected piping means, said pump means providing a pressure and vacuum source and said first valve means being selectively operable to connect said source whereby to produce a selected pressure or vacuum condition in said piping means;

f. a processing chamber mounted in said chamber and having an end wall immediately adjacent an end wall of said melted paraffin container, said chamber having a pressure sealable top cover and being adapted to receive and process therein selected numbers of said receptacles simultaneously said chamber being temperature controlled and electrically heated and being connected to said piping means thereby enabling the corresponding selected pressure and vacuum condition in said piping means to be produced in said chamber;

g. a second remotely electrically controllable valve means mounted in said cabinet and having on one side a fluid connection to said chamber and on the other side a fluid connection to said paraffin container enabling the paraffin contents thereof to be exchanged between the chamber and said paraffin container, said fluid connections for said second valve means being of minimal length and being electrically heated and maintained at a temperature above the melting point of said paraffin;

h. a third remotely electrically controllable valve means mounted in said cabinet and having on one side a fluid connection of minimal length to said chamber and on the other side a port for transfer of solutions therethrough;

i. fourth remotely electrically controllable solution transfer valve means positioned in said cabinet between said processing chamber and said storage compartment, said fourth valve means being fluid connected on one side to said third valve transfer port and on the other side having separate fluid connections to each of said solution containers and being remotely electrically controllable for enabling each solution container connection on the one side of the fourth valve means to be selectively and independently connected to said transfer port for a predetermined time while all other solution container connections are isolated therefrom and at other times to isolate all of said solution con tainer connections from said tranfer port;

j. an electrical power source; and

k. remotely operable electrical control means connected to said power source and mounted proximate said chamber for remotely powering and electrically operating each of said valve means and temperature controls in a predetermined time sequence program whereby with a selected number of said receptacles installed in said chamber and said cover sealed on said chamber, said solutions and said paraffin are successively, selectively and independently drawn from said solution and paraffin containers, are measured by timing the withdrawal and admitted to said chamber under a vacuum condition in a predetermined volume, retained for predetermined times at a predetermined pressure and at the end of each processing step being forced back to a respective said solution and paraffin container by pressure from said pump means source in a corresponding processing sequence such that selected of said solutions and said melted paraffin are separately and independently exchanged with each said group of specimens while maintaining said system closed, said paraffin transferred a minimal distance, and each said group physically isolated.

2. In a system as claimed in claim 1 including:

a. a second said heated and temperature controlled paraffin container, said first and second paraffin containers being laterally spaced and positioned immediately adjacent said chamber with said paraffin containers and chamber being below and foward of said compartment containing said solution containers in said cabinet, and

b. a sixth remotely controllable valve means closely connected to second paraffin container and comparable in position and function to said second valve means for said first container thus enabling the melted paraffin contents of either said first or second paraffin container to be selectively exchanged with the chamber through a path of mini mal distance.

3. In a system as claimed in claim 2 wherein said second and sixth valve means are submerged in the respec tive said first and second melted paraffin containers and in immediate proximity to the respective paraffin container bottom walls and proximate the end walls separating the paraffin containers and chamber, said end walls having respective ports connected to the respective second and sixth valve means enabling the respective melted paraffin contents to be transferred directly and under remote control between said paraffin containers and chamber through said ports.

4. In a system as claimed in claim 1 wherein said fourth valve means comprises a remotely electrically controllable rotary type valve.

5. In a system as claimed in claim 1 wherein said paraffin container temperature control comprises a two stage control for obtaining different degrees of heat in said paraffin container and said control means controls the energization of each such stage in a timed sequence.

6. In a system as claimed in claim 2 wherein each said paraffin container temperature control comprises a two stage control for obtaining different degrees of heat in said paraffin container and said control means controls the energization of each such stage in a timed sequence.

7. In a system as claimed in claim 2 including in said cabinet a pair of laterally spaced control circuitry compartments mounted on opposite ends of said storage compartment and having front wall members thereon, said circuitry and compartments being adjacent and above the respective said paraffin containers and said control means having manually positionable controls mounted on said front wall members of said control circuitry compartments.

8. In a system as claimed in claim 7 wherein said cabinet, including said paraffin and solution containers, said chambers, pump, valves, and said control circuitry compartments, is assembled and movable as an integral table top mounted processing unit.

9. In a system as claimed in claim 1 wherein said control means includes circuitry connected to cycle the application of vacuum and pressure conditions in said chamber.

10. in a system as claimed in claim 2 wherein said piping means is connected to said chamber at an upper sidewall position proximate said chamber cover, said second and sixth valve means are positioned adjacent said paraffin containers proximate the bottom walls thereof and immediately adjacent said chamber, said third valve means is positioned externally of and in close proximity to the bottom wall of said chamber and including means for electrically heating said third valve means, said respective valve positions enabling relatively direct short paths to be established between the lower interior portion of said chamber and the respective valves.

H. A system as claimed in claim 1 wherein said control means include adjustable timing means enabling said predetermined time of retention to be changed both with respect to all as well as selected ones of said container melted paraffins and solutions.

12. A system as claimed in claim 1 having fan exhaust and fume collection means adapted to allow during operation of said system continuous withdrawl of solution fumes from the area surrounding said chamber.

13. In a system as claimed in claim 1 wherein said control means is mounted on said cabinet and said air pump means comprises an electrically operated air pump mounted in said cabinet and said interconnected piping means includes an outlet pipe in which said pressure and vacuum conditions may be selectively produced, said outlet pipe being connected to said chamber.

14. A closed processing system enabling a plurality of individual specimens of tissue to be separately contained while being bathed simultaneously for varying lengths of time in successive selected tissue solutions including melting paraffin so as to fix, dehydrate and clear the specimens preparatory to embedding, comprising:

a. a plurality of uniform tissue receptacles each being adapted to contain and physically isolate a group of tissue specimens having at least one specimen per group, each receptacle having a body portion defining an open cavity adapted to receive and retain specimens and closure means removably received by said body to enclose said cavity, the material forming said receptacles being inert to all of said solutions and having for each of said solutions at least some portion through which each of said solutions may be transferred;

b. a cabinet adapted for table top mounting and having in an elevated central and rearward position a plural solution container storage compartment and on the ends of said storage compartment 21 pair of rearwardly disposed control circuitry compartments having front wall members thereon;

c. a pair of electrically heated, laterally spaced, temperature controlled paraffin containers mounted in said cabinet below, forward and proximate said storage compartment, each container having a movable cover and being adapted for melting and holding melted paraffin, the temperature control therefor comprising a two stage control for obtaining two levels of temperature therein;

d. a plurality of closed solution containers mounted in predetermined order in a storage compartment in said cabinet proximate said paraffin container, each solution container containing a particular tissue processing solution and with said melted paraffln container collectively containing all of the said tissue solutions in which said specimens are processed;

e. electrically operated air pump means mounted within said cabinet and having associated remotely electrically controllable first valve means, interconnected piping means and an outlet pipe connected thereto, said first valve means being selectively operable and in various configurations with said piping means to produce either a pressure or vacuum condition in said outlet pipe;

f. a processing chamber mounted in said cabinet between and at the level of said paraffin containers and having end walls immediately adjacent respective end walls of said melting paraffin containers, said chamber having a pressure sealable top cover and being adapted to receive and process therein selected numbers of said receptacles simultaneously, said chamber being temperature controlled and electrically heated and being connected proximate said top cover to said pump outlet pipe thereby enabling the corresponding selected pressure and vacuum conditions in said outlet pipe to be produced in said chamber;

g. second and third remotely electrically controllable valve means mounted in said cabinet proximate the bottom and respective end walls of said chamber each having on one side a minimal length fluid connection to said chamber and on the other side a minimal length fluid connection to a said paraffin container, both said fluid connections being electrically heated to a temperature above the paraffin melting point enabling the respective paraffin contents thereof to be exchanged directly and under remote control through connection heated paths of minimal distance between the chamber and the respective said paraffin containers;

h. a fourth remotely electrically controllable valve means having means for being electrically heated and temperature controlled and being mounted in said cabinet proximate the bottom wall of said chamber and having on one side a minimal length fluid connection to said chamber and on the other side a port for transfer of solutions therethrough;

. fifth remotely electrically controllable solution rotary transfer valve means positioned in said cabinet between said processing chamber and said storage compartment, said fifth valve means being connected on one side to said fourth valve transfer port and on the other side having separate connections to each of said solution containers and being remotely electrically controllable for enabling each solution container connection on the one side of the fifth valve means to be selectively and independently connected to said transfer port for a predetermined time while all other solution container connections are isolated therefrom and at other times to isolate all of said solution container connections from said transfer port;

j. an electrical power source;

k. remotely operable electrical control means mounted in said circuitry compartments and having manually positionable controls mounted on said front wall members, said control means being connected to said source and being adapted for remotely powering and electrically operating each of said valve means, said pump means and said paraffin container temperature controls in a predetermined time sequence program whereby with a selected number of said receptacles installed in said chamber and said cover sealed on said chamber, said solutions and said paraffin are successively, se-

16 paraffin are separately and independently exchanged with each said group of specimens while maintaining said system closed and each said group physically isolated; and

. electrically operated fan exhaust and fume collection means mounted proximate said chamber and providing continuous withdrawal of solution fumes from the area surrounding said chamber. 

1. A closed processing system enabling a plurality of individual specimens of tissue to be separately contained while being bathed simultaneously for varying lengths of time in successive selected tissue solutions including melted paraffin so as to fix, dehydrate and clear the specimens preparatory to embedding, comprising: a. a plurality of uniform tissue receptacles each being adapted to contain and physically isolate a group of tissue specimens having at least one specimen per group, each receptacle having a body portion defining an open cavity adapted to receive and retain specimens and closure means removably received by said body to enclose said cavity, the material forming said receptacles being inert to all of said solutions and having for each of said solutions at least some portion through which each of said solutions may be transferred; b. a cabinet; c. an electrically heated, temperature controlled container mounted in said cabinet and having a movable cover and being adapted for melting and holding melted paraffin; d. a plurality of closed solution containers mounted in predetermined order in a storage compartment in said cabinet proximate said paraffin container, each solution container containing a particular tissue processing solution and with said melted paraffin container collectively containing all of the said tissue solutions in which said specimens are processed; e. air pump means having associated remotely electrically controllable first valve means mounted proximate said cabinet and associated interconnected piping means, said pump means providing a pressure and vacuum source and said first valve means being selectively operable to connect said source whereby to produce a selected pressure or vacuum condition in said piping means; f. a processing chamber mounted in said chamber and having an end wall immediately adjacent an end wall of said melted paraffin container, said chamber having a pressure sealable top cover and being adapted to receive and process therein selected numbers of said receptacles simultaneously said chamber being temperature controlled and electrically heated and being connected to said piping means thereby enabling the corresponding selected pressure and vacuum condition in said piping means to be produced in said chamber; g. a second remotely electrically controllable valve means mounted in said cabinet and having on one side a fluid connection to said chamber and on the other side A fluid connection to said paraffin container enabling the paraffin contents thereof to be exchanged between the chamber and said paraffin container, said fluid connections for said second valve means being of minimal length and being electrically heated and maintained at a temperature above the melting point of said paraffin; h. a third remotely electrically controllable valve means mounted in said cabinet and having on one side a fluid connection of minimal length to said chamber and on the other side a port for transfer of solutions therethrough; i. fourth remotely electrically controllable solution transfer valve means positioned in said cabinet between said processing chamber and said storage compartment, said fourth valve means being fluid connected on one side to said third valve transfer port and on the other side having separate fluid connections to each of said solution containers and being remotely electrically controllable for enabling each solution container connection on the one side of the fourth valve means to be selectively and independently connected to said transfer port for a predetermined time while all other solution container connections are isolated therefrom and at other times to isolate all of said solution container connections from said tranfer port; j. an electrical power source; and k. remotely operable electrical control means connected to said power source and mounted proximate said chamber for remotely powering and electrically operating each of said valve means and temperature controls in a predetermined time sequence program whereby with a selected number of said receptacles installed in said chamber and said cover sealed on said chamber, said solutions and said paraffin are successively, selectively and independently drawn from said solution and paraffin containers, are measured by timing the withdrawal and admitted to said chamber under a vacuum condition in a predetermined volume, retained for predetermined times at a predetermined pressure and at the end of each processing step being forced back to a respective said solution and paraffin container by pressure from said pump means source in a corresponding processing sequence such that selected of said solutions and said melted paraffin are separately and independently exchanged with each said group of specimens while maintaining said system closed, said paraffin transferred a minimal distance, and each said group physically isolated.
 2. In a system as claimed in claim 1 including: a. a second said heated and temperature controlled paraffin container, said first and second paraffin containers being laterally spaced and positioned immediately adjacent said chamber with said paraffin containers and chamber being below and foward of said compartment containing said solution containers in said cabinet, and b. a sixth remotely controllable valve means closely connected to second paraffin container and comparable in position and function to said second valve means for said first container thus enabling the melted paraffin contents of either said first or second paraffin container to be selectively exchanged with the chamber through a path of minimal distance.
 3. In a system as claimed in claim 2 wherein said second and sixth valve means are submerged in the respective said first and second melted paraffin containers and in immediate proximity to the respective paraffin container bottom walls and proximate the end walls separating the paraffin containers and chamber, said end walls having respective ports connected to the respective second and sixth valve means enabling the respective melted paraffin contents to be transferred directly and under remote control between said paraffin containers and chamber through said ports.
 4. In a system as claimed in claim 1 wherein said fourth valve means comprises a remotely electrically controllable rotary type valve.
 5. In a system as claimed in claim 1 wherein said paraffin container temperature control comprises a two Stage control for obtaining different degrees of heat in said paraffin container and said control means controls the energization of each such stage in a timed sequence.
 6. In a system as claimed in claim 2 wherein each said paraffin container temperature control comprises a two stage control for obtaining different degrees of heat in said paraffin container and said control means controls the energization of each such stage in a timed sequence.
 7. In a system as claimed in claim 2 including in said cabinet a pair of laterally spaced control circuitry compartments mounted on opposite ends of said storage compartment and having front wall members thereon, said circuitry and compartments being adjacent and above the respective said paraffin containers and said control means having manually positionable controls mounted on said front wall members of said control circuitry compartments.
 8. In a system as claimed in claim 7 wherein said cabinet, including said paraffin and solution containers, said chambers, pump, valves, and said control circuitry compartments, is assembled and movable as an integral table top mounted processing unit.
 9. In a system as claimed in claim 1 wherein said control means includes circuitry connected to cycle the application of vacuum and pressure conditions in said chamber.
 10. In a system as claimed in claim 2 wherein said piping means is connected to said chamber at an upper sidewall position proximate said chamber cover, said second and sixth valve means are positioned adjacent said paraffin containers proximate the bottom walls thereof and immediately adjacent said chamber, said third valve means is positioned externally of and in close proximity to the bottom wall of said chamber and including means for electrically heating said third valve means, said respective valve positions enabling relatively direct short paths to be established between the lower interior portion of said chamber and the respective valves.
 11. A system as claimed in claim 1 wherein said control means include adjustable timing means enabling said predetermined time of retention to be changed both with respect to all as well as selected ones of said container melted paraffins and solutions.
 12. A system as claimed in claim 1 having fan exhaust and fume collection means adapted to allow during operation of said system continuous withdrawl of solution fumes from the area surrounding said chamber.
 13. In a system as claimed in claim 1 wherein said control means is mounted on said cabinet and said air pump means comprises an electrically operated air pump mounted in said cabinet and said interconnected piping means includes an outlet pipe in which said pressure and vacuum conditions may be selectively produced, said outlet pipe being connected to said chamber.
 14. A closed processing system enabling a plurality of individual specimens of tissue to be separately contained while being bathed simultaneously for varying lengths of time in successive selected tissue solutions including melting paraffin so as to fix, dehydrate and clear the specimens preparatory to embedding, comprising: a. a plurality of uniform tissue receptacles each being adapted to contain and physically isolate a group of tissue specimens having at least one specimen per group, each receptacle having a body portion defining an open cavity adapted to receive and retain specimens and closure means removably received by said body to enclose said cavity, the material forming said receptacles being inert to all of said solutions and having for each of said solutions at least some portion through which each of said solutions may be transferred; b. a cabinet adapted for table top mounting and having in an elevated central and rearward position a plural solution container storage compartment and on the ends of said storage compartment a pair of rearwardly disposed control circuitry compartments having front wall members thereon; c. a pair of electrically heated, laterally spaced, temperatUre controlled paraffin containers mounted in said cabinet below, forward and proximate said storage compartment, each container having a movable cover and being adapted for melting and holding melted paraffin, the temperature control therefor comprising a two stage control for obtaining two levels of temperature therein; d. a plurality of closed solution containers mounted in predetermined order in a storage compartment in said cabinet proximate said paraffin container, each solution container containing a particular tissue processing solution and with said melted paraffin container collectively containing all of the said tissue solutions in which said specimens are processed; e. electrically operated air pump means mounted within said cabinet and having associated remotely electrically controllable first valve means, interconnected piping means and an outlet pipe connected thereto, said first valve means being selectively operable and in various configurations with said piping means to produce either a pressure or vacuum condition in said outlet pipe; f. a processing chamber mounted in said cabinet between and at the level of said paraffin containers and having end walls immediately adjacent respective end walls of said melting paraffin containers, said chamber having a pressure sealable top cover and being adapted to receive and process therein selected numbers of said receptacles simultaneously, said chamber being temperature controlled and electrically heated and being connected proximate said top cover to said pump outlet pipe thereby enabling the corresponding selected pressure and vacuum conditions in said outlet pipe to be produced in said chamber; g. second and third remotely electrically controllable valve means mounted in said cabinet proximate the bottom and respective end walls of said chamber each having on one side a minimal length fluid connection to said chamber and on the other side a minimal length fluid connection to a said paraffin container, both said fluid connections being electrically heated to a temperature above the paraffin melting point enabling the respective paraffin contents thereof to be exchanged directly and under remote control through connection heated paths of minimal distance between the chamber and the respective said paraffin containers; h. a fourth remotely electrically controllable valve means having means for being electrically heated and temperature controlled and being mounted in said cabinet proximate the bottom wall of said chamber and having on one side a minimal length fluid connection to said chamber and on the other side a port for transfer of solutions therethrough; i. fifth remotely electrically controllable solution rotary transfer valve means positioned in said cabinet between said processing chamber and said storage compartment, said fifth valve means being connected on one side to said fourth valve transfer port and on the other side having separate connections to each of said solution containers and being remotely electrically controllable for enabling each solution container connection on the one side of the fifth valve means to be selectively and independently connected to said transfer port for a predetermined time while all other solution container connections are isolated therefrom and at other times to isolate all of said solution container connections from said transfer port; j. an electrical power source; k. remotely operable electrical control means mounted in said circuitry compartments and having manually positionable controls mounted on said front wall members, said control means being connected to said source and being adapted for remotely powering and electrically operating each of said valve means, said pump means and said paraffin container temperature controls in a predetermined time sequence program whereby with a selected number of said receptacles installed in said chamber and said cover sealed on said chamber, said solutions and said paraffin are successivEly, selectively and independently drawn from said solution and paraffin containers, measured by timing the withdrawal and admitted to said chamber under a vacuum condition in a predetermined volume, retained for predetermined times at a predetermined pressure at the end of each processing step being forced back to a respective said solution and paraffin container by pressure from said pump means in a corresponding processing sequence such that selected of said solutions and said melted paraffin are separately and independently exchanged with each said group of specimens while maintaining said system closed and each said group physically isolated; and l. electrically operated fan exhaust and fume collection means mounted proximate said chamber and providing continuous withdrawal of solution fumes from the area surrounding said chamber. 